Cupping therapy

Cupping therapy

Relax and detoxify with cupping therapy

Cupping therapy is an ancient technique adopted by the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Chinese. Rediscovered and praised by Hippocrates, it was practiced by our grandmothers until the end of World War I, before the advent of antibiotics.

Used in China as a healing method for thousands of years, this technique has evolved over time to become part of the arsenal used by Chinese doctors. Cupping therapy aims to balance the flow of vital energy (qi) in the body. Cupping is used to stimulate blood circulation, lymph, and energy in the body.

The suction cup draws pathogenic factors such as wind, cold, and heat to the surface, thereby draining and eliminating them. This is what makes this technique effective for colds and bronchitis. By drawing blood to the surface, cupping also relieves pain associated with muscle tension or stiffness, as it releases the blood stasis that causes this pain.

Formerly made of cow horn or bamboo, cupping cups are now most often made of glass, plastic, or plexiglass.

How does the suction cup work?

According to the principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), pain at an acupuncture point is a sign of dysfunction in the corresponding organ. Cupping is performed on the skin at acupuncture points along the meridians, specifically at points that are painful.

Applying one or more cupping glasses releases blockages in the organ, helping to relax and relieve congestion.

The vacuum under the glass cup is created by burning oxygen with a flame, or in more modern versions, using a manual pump on plastic cups. The cups can be fixed on the body’s tension points, or moved around as a massage tool on oiled skin.

Some patients like to receive cupping treatment once a week as a preventive measure.

In cases of stress, joint or muscle pain, upon waking, before sleeping, before physical exertion, or after intense exercise, cupping will always be useful for providing relief and making our patients’ days more comfortable.

Cupping causes blood to rise to the surface, which is generally a sign of many impurities. The bruise will be visible for 2 to 4 days. As the sessions progress, the bruise will fade.

Cupping is an effective aid, complementing ongoing treatment, such as acupuncture. In cases of acute pain or crisis, it can be used more regularly.

The different cupping techniques

The techniques used for cupping vary depending on the suction method, suction power, area treated, other materials used with the cups, etc. The techniques include:

  • Dry cupping:
    A vacuum is created inside the cups using fire or a manual pump. Dry cupping is also known as static cupping.
  • Mobile (massage):
    Oil is applied to the skin and the cups are moved with low suction. Massage cups are also called dynamic cups, sliding cups, and mobile cups.
    Flash (or empty cups):
    The cups are applied for a short period of time, less than 30 seconds at a time. This is also known as empty cupping.
  • Wet:
    The skin is lightly pierced before applying the cups. This method is also known as blood cupping.
  • Herbal:
    The practitioner boils a herbal solution, dips bamboo cups into it, and applies the slightly cooled cups to the skin.

It should be noted that techniques are evolving towards magnetic or electrical systems. As far as we are concerned, we are keen to maintain traditional techniques.

The benefits of cupping

In general, the influx of blood to the area where the cup is placed will drain toxins. The suction effect activates blood circulation where the cup is placed.

This localized congestion reduces pain, releases blockages, accelerates the recovery of tired muscles, and improves tissue repair.

Cupping therapy is known to relieve discomfort and improve quality of life. The following conditions may improve with this technique:

  • Low back pain. Cupping helps reduce pain and improve function in people with acute and chronic low back pain.
  • Fibromyalgia. Cupping therapy, alone or with acupuncture, helps relieve pain in patients with fibromyalgia.
      • Chronic neck pain. Cupping therapy helps relax the neck muscles and make them more flexible.
      • Heavy menstrual bleeding. Dry cupping helps reduce the amount of menstrual blood flow in women with menorrhagia.

      Cupping therapy also shows improvements in:

      •  digestive problems,
      • lung and respiratory tract diseases, including bronchitis, asthma, and pneumonia,
      • high blood pressure,
      • cellulite,
      • tendinitis,
      • sprains,
      • cramps,
      • sports recovery,
      • stress,
      • sleep disorders,
      • skin problems.

      A cupping session

      Tuina

      Tuina

      An ancient energy technique

      According to ancient Chinese beliefs, animals practiced massage long before humans did. They used it for comfort, grooming, and even healing. It was therefore only natural that humans, due to their animal instincts, used massage on themselves, their children, or their partners. We are all familiar with the reflex to immediately rub an area of our own body after receiving a blow.

      Thus, Chinese massage is considered to be the oldest branch of Chinese medicine. Massage techniques have evolved; they have been refined and systematized over the centuries. Tuī Ná is the culmination of this science, born from this natural instinctive gesture.

      Ancient writings dating back to the Shang Dynasty (1800 BCE) describe massage methods for treating infants.

      The most famous ancient text on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Huang Di Nei Jing (The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine), completed between the first century BCE and the first century CE, includes passages on the use of these massage techniques and their use in the treatment of certain diseases.

      Chinese massage is listed as a major treatment method. Since the Wei and Jin dynasties (220–420 CE), Tuī Ná massage departments have been official specialties in the Chinese government’s healthcare system.

      A branch of TCM

      Tuī Ná, literally pushing (tui – 推) and grasping (na – 拿), is a discipline in its own right within Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It is sometimes also referred to as An Mo (按摩), which refers to massage in general and means “to calm through touch.”

      Tuī Ná massage therefore follows the Taoist principles that form the basis of this medicine, which is based on energy balance.

      The practice of Tuī Ná is therefore specific to China and takes into account meridians and acupuncture points. Tuī Ná comprises around thirty techniques and maneuvers that aim to either disperse energy blockages or stimulate or tone the qi or vital energy.

      These techniques include “mo fa,” which means circular rubbing, “Ya fa,” or overpressure, and “ma fa,” which means wiping (or rubbing). It also includes massage of certain acupuncture points (acupressure), as well as stretching and joint mobilization techniques.

      This massage, by acting on reflex zones, has the effect of balancing and stimulating both the body and mind. Its goal is to circulate and rebalance energies, which also has an impact on emotional balance since, in TCM, everything is connected. Any muscle or ligament tension will cause an energy blockage, affecting the free flow of qi and therefore overall health. Similarly, strong emotional stress can eventually lead to energy blockages and even muscle tension. This can cause pain.

      Numerous health benefits

      Tuī Ná massage is generally performed without oil, sometimes over clothing or through a piece of cotton fabric. It promotes healthy organ function, particularly through acupuncture points, thereby preventing illness. It is also effective in reducing or even eliminating muscle and joint pain.

      According to modern research, Tuī Ná is a therapy that regulates the circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. It also aids digestion and improves muscle and skin metabolism.

      It has been shown to be effective in, among other things:

      • Alleviating the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
      • Reducing pain associated with fibromyalgia
      • Improving dizziness associated with cervical osteoarthritis
      • Relieving the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea
      • Contributing to the treatment of cervical radiculopathy

      The qualities of a Tuī Ná practitioner

      It is difficult to explain in technical terms what makes a good Tuī Ná, because it is related to energy.

      This is why Tuī Ná practitioners must train for several years to integrate this energetic dimension.

      According to the tradition of Chinese medicine, they must first develop their energy through disciplines such as qi gong, tai chi, and even kung fu. These practices allow them to optimize their own vital energy and refine their sensitivity to perceive and identify the energies around them.

      They will spend time in nature, learning to understand the language of plants. They will also learn to understand and use the healing energy of sacred places. Over time, they will be able to sense stagnations of energy, as well as blood.

      A good Tuī Ná massage depends on the practitioner’s energy, their sensitivity, and their ability to transmit energy. This requires them to be firmly grounded, with flexible and relaxed joints, in order to ensure good energy flow. They must breathe deeply and fully from the abdomen. If they are tense, they will not be able to provide the same quality of energy. Their whole body is engaged in the massage.

      This is why a good Tuī Ná massage is a truly therapeutic tool that works deeply. Even though it is often painful, it is nonetheless beneficial.

      Awaken the Tuī Ná masseur within you

      Massage en couple

      We encourage everyone to find ultimate happiness. Since massage is instinctive and natural, why not give it a try? We suggest you start by working on deep relaxation and breathing. To do this, you can practice tai chi, qi gong, or any other practice that brings you to mindfulness.

      At the same time, you can start practicing Tuī Ná with your loved ones. To do this, put on loose-fitting clothes, release all your tension, and start with one technique. Don’t exceed ten minutes at first. Then debrief with your partner so that they can verbalize their feelings.

      You can get inspiration from this simple video. Feel free to spend time in nature or with your favorite animal before practicing Tuī Ná. Practicing this art will change how you feel and help you reconnect with yourself. This will gradually improve your health.

      Never practice Tuī Ná in the following cases:

      • When you are in a bad mood or upset
      • After an argument
      • When you are feeling very sad or angry
      • Immediately after your secular work
      • When you are ill

      This list is not exhaustive. As you will have understood, massage is an exchange. It is therefore with a beautiful disposition of heart that you will offer the best to those around you… and to yourself.

      Pharmacopeia

      Pharmacopeia

      Powerful, tailor-made therapy

      In China, medicinal plants are considered a “national treasure” and are widely used for both preventive and curative purposes. Indeed, in its country of origin, Chinese pharmacopoeia is used as a priority therapy. It is considered more powerful than acupuncture.

      Chinese pharmacopoeia is a traditional medical system that has been developed in China for thousands of years. It is based on a holistic approach to health, aimed at restoring the balance between body and mind. It is used primarily to maintain health, but also to heal. It is a living discipline that continues to evolve over time.

      Chinese pharmacopoeia is based on a set of principles and theories that form the foundation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The most important of these are: Yin and Yang, Qi (vital energy), and the Five Elements (wood, fire, earth, metal and water). According to these principles, health is the result of a harmonious balance between these forces and elements. Any imbalance or obstruction in the flow of energy leads to illness.

      Before prescribing a herbal preparation, the Chinese doctor will carry out a diagnosis to assess the imbalances at the root of the patient’s symptoms. Each prescription, even if it’s based on existing recipes called formulas, will thus be tailored to each patient’s individual terrain and temperament.

      Over 100,000 formulas recorded

      Since the origins of Chinese pharmacopoeia, numerous formulas have been developed by renowned physicians. Some have been refined, while new ones have been developed over time.

      There are many treatises listing these formulas. For example, Zhu-su’s Universal Aid Prescriptions, from the Ming dynasty, contained 61,739 formulas from ancient China.

      More recently, the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Prescriptions, compiled by Nanjing University of TCM, lists all existing formulas since the beginning of TCM. It contains more than 100,000 prescriptions!

      A formula always consists of several plants or substances. Indeed, Chinese pharmacopoeia relies on the combined effect of several plants to create a synergistic effect.

      This also minimizes the side effects that could result from taking a single plant in large quantities, or neutralizes certain toxic effects of a plant. The different substances can act on several aspects of the disease or on different organs.

      The formula thus treats the disease with the aim of balancing the whole body and correcting underlying imbalances. With this in mind, the formula will be tailored to each patient to best address their specific conditions. Similarly, depending on the progression of the disease or changes in the patient’s health, the proportions and plants used may be adjusted accordingly.

      Thousands of plants and substances

      Chinese pharmacopoeia contains several thousand substances, of which around 300 are commonly used. These substances are mainly derived from plants, but may also include other elements. For example, there are mineral substances (cinnabar, sulfur, magnetite, etc.), animal substances (bones, shells, birds’ nests, pearl powder, etc.), insects (ants, silkworms, scorpions, etc.). Medicinal preparations may also include other substances such as beeswax, honey, and resinous substances. The list is not exhaustive.

      Medicinal plants are selected based on their specific properties, flavor, nature, and interactions with the body’s organs.

      Chinese pharmacopoeia takes into account contraindications and potential interactions between different medicinal herbs.

      A formula is developed with particular attention to “the specific combination of the Monarch, Minister, Assistant, and Guide.” The Monarch remedy is the essential ingredient in the formula, responsible for curing the main symptom being treated.

      The Minister reinforces the healing effect of the Monarch; the Assistant works with the first two to enhance their therapeutic effects and make them more tolerable. Finally, the Guide directs the effects of the other herbs to the organs to be treated and regulates the properties of the other herbs.

      Chinese pharmacopoeia uses various methods of preparing medicinal herbs, such as decoctions (Tāng), infusions (Zhǒu), powders (Sǎn), tinctures (Jiǔ), and pills/tablets (Wàn). Decoctions are the most common.

      A treatment not suitable for self-medication

      It may seem obvious, but it is worth reiterating. Chinese medicine is effective, but it must be prescribed wisely, following a Chinese medicine diagnosis. Indeed, a disease, according to Western medicine criteria, may present different pathological pictures in Chinese medicine. This is why each patient will be prescribed a formula tailored to their individual case.

      Furthermore, Chinese medicine considers that a disease evolves over time. This is why treatments vary rapidly throughout the course of care. A patient’s condition changes from day to day.

      Medicinal plants are then adapted according to the patient’s evolving diagnosis. This is why, even if a patient has taken a formula a few weeks or months ago and it has been beneficial, it will not necessarily be suitable if certain symptoms—which appear similar—return. The patient is strongly advised to consult their Chinese doctor again.

      Bitter-tasting remedies?

      If herbal medicine is the most widely used form of Chinese medicine, it is because of its effectiveness. The Chinese are pragmatic and are not interested in pampering themselves, but rather in treating their ailments. Many Westerners are more sensitive to the comfort aspect of a treatment. Yes, it must be effective, but it should also be as pleasant—or at least as unobtrusive—as possible.

      While acupuncture may scare some people, Chinese decoctions are often much worse! Some people don’t even have the courage to swallow them, while others throw them in the trash. Western noses and palates have undoubtedly become too discerning for their own health…

      Beyond individual tastes and dislikes, the taste of a preparation varies greatly from one formula to another, ranging from rather sweet to very bitter. The decoction is usually consumed twice a day. Preparing a decoction takes a certain amount of time, which can also put some people off. However, many Chinese pharmacies now cook them and deliver them vacuum-packed to their customers.

      Acupuncture

      Acupuncture

      A therapy that stands the test of time

      Acupuncture is part of traditional Chinese medicine, which dates back several thousand years. Its exact origins are shrouded in legend and myth. However, it is estimated that the medical practices that led to acupuncture began in China over 2,000 years ago.

      According to legend, acupuncture was discovered by accident. A Chinese healer noticed that pain in certain parts of the body could be relieved by inserting needles into other parts of the body. This observation led to the development of acupuncture techniques for healing.

      The use of acupuncture spread throughout China over the centuries. Practitioners developed complex systems of acupuncture points and specific techniques to treat different disorders. Acupuncture is often combined with other therapeutic techniques, such as moxibustion and cupping.

      Over time, acupuncture spread to other parts of Asia and then gradually became popular around the world. The word acupuncture was coined by Jesuits in the 16th century when they discovered Chinese medicine; its real name is Zhēn Jiǔ, which means the art of metal needles and moxibustion.

      A Taoist view of Man and the Universe

      Acupuncture was introduced to Europe in the 17th century by Willem Ten Rhyne, a Dutch physician, but it really took off in the mid-20th century.

      Scientific studies are regularly conducted to evaluate its effectiveness. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to be “official medicine.” Acupuncture, which is an integral part of TCM, is therefore recognized as a medical technique.

      According to UNESCO, “Traditional Acupuncture is a therapeutic art that bases its diagnostic and therapeutic reasoning on a Taoist energetic vision of Man and the Universe.”

      Acupuncture is based on the concept of Qi (pronounced “chi”), which is considered to be a vital force present throughout the universe and within the human body.

      According to Chinese medicine, when Qi flows freely and is balanced in the body, health is achieved; conversely, blockages or imbalances in Qi can lead to health problems.

      Acupuncture involves stimulating specific points on the body by inserting fine metal needles into the skin at varying depths.

      The needle has a sleeve, often made of twisted copper alloy, which acts as an antenna to allow qi to enter and exit. These acupuncture points are located along energy channels called meridians, which are considered to be the pathways through which Qi circulates in the body.

      Acupuncture meridians

      Acupuncture meridians, also known as energy channels, are pathways invisible to the naked eye through which Qi (vital energy) flows throughout the body according to TCM.

      There is a complex network of meridians that connects different parts of the body, forming an interconnected energy system. According to TCM, these meridians carry vital energy called Qi throughout the body. There are 12 main meridians that are associated with specific organs and are named after those organs.

      For example, the liver meridian is associated with liver function, the bladder meridian is associated with urinary function, and so on. Each meridian has a specific path through the body and passes through specific acupuncture points.

      There are 361 commonly used points, but there are over 1,000 acupuncture points in the body. Each meridian is associated with a specific organ and physiological function.

      Each meridian is associated with specific characteristics, such as times of day when its energy is most active, seasons of the year, emotions, and symptoms that may be related to its imbalance.

      For example, the lung meridian is associated with autumn, sadness, and respiratory problems.

      Freeing the flow of Qi

      When Qi is blocked or unbalanced, the Chinese medicine practitioner looks to see which meridians are affected. They make a diagnosis, based on which they will define their therapeutic strategy. Inserting acupuncture needles into the points will restore energy balance by stimulating the flow of Qi and releasing energy blockages.

      The needles are left in place for a certain amount of time (usually between 20 and 45 minutes) and can also be stimulated by various means (manual, electrical, moxibustion). Acupuncture allows for a global rebalancing of this energy network, which has an impact on organ function. Thus, over the course of acupuncture sessions, balance is restored and health is reestablished.

      Sometimes acupuncture treatment may be combined with a prescription of Chinese herbal medicine. The number of sessions required will depend on each patient and how they respond to treatment. In general, the longer the illness or disorder has been present, the longer it will take (and therefore the more acupuncture sessions will be required) to overcome it. Conversely, an acute, mild, or recent disorder can be resolved in one or two sessions.

      The many benefits of acupuncture

      Acupuncture has many benefits. It can help relieve pain, reduce stress and anxiety, improve sleep quality, and strengthen the immune system.

      It can also be used to treat menstrual disorders, fertility problems, and sleep disorders. This list is far from exhaustive…

      In some very rare cases, there may be an overreaction after an acupuncture session, which may suggest a worsening of symptoms. There is no need to panic, as everything usually returns to normal after a few hours.

      In some Asian countries, notably China and Vietnam, although allopathic medicine has taken on an important role, people still turn to their ancestral medicine when they do not get the desired results with so-called Western medicine.

      The meridian network

      What has been translated as meridian is called in Chinese 经络 Jīng Luò, meaning “meridians and collaterals”. Jīng 经, before referring to “meridian”, means “to pass through”, or “channel”. Luò 络 translates as “entwined”, “continuous”. So the Jīng Luò constitute a network of intertwined, continuous channels that allow you to “pass through”.

      The main channels all communicate with each other. This inter-connection is supported by other smaller, or secondary, channels called luò (collaterals). They are fundamental in connecting all parts of the body.

      The existence of this vast network explains the holistic vision of TCM. This network extends throughout the entire body. Consequently, to act on one part is to act on the whole entity. Conversely, it is impossible to isolate a part without considering it as a whole. The network principle is fundamental to understanding how acupuncture works.

      Channels and collaterals, like rivers, allow free circulation. This means the free circulation of the fundamental TCM substances qì (气), blood (血 xuè) and body fluids (浸液 Jìn yè). In classical texts, there are numerous images referring to the circulation of qì and blood in the body, likening them to rivers and seas. The names of many acupuncture points refer to this, such as Qū chí (LI11) the elbow basin, Chǐ zé (Po5) the ulnar swamp, Qì hǎi (Ren6) the qì sea, Fù liū (Rn7) restore the current, to name but a few. The term 经 Jīng itself can be translated as river.

      Restored fertility

      Restored fertility

      Chinese medicine to the rescue of infertility

      According to recent figures from the WHO, one in six people worldwide are affected by fertility problems, and these figures are continuing to rise. They affect men and women equally. Among these cases of infertility, 20% are due to both partners at the same time.

      These fertility problems are a source of concern and even stress for many couples. And yet, solutions do exist!

      According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), fertility problems are caused by energy imbalances. All that is needed is to restore this energy balance in the partner(s) concerned so that the organs involved in procreation have all the energy they need.

      A study conducted in the gynaecology and obstetrics department of the maternal and child clinic in Gan Shu province, China, demonstrated the effectiveness of TCM in this area. Two groups received two different treatments. The first group was treated with Western medicine ovulation stimulants, while the other group was treated with acupuncture and moxibustion. The group treated with acupuncture had a 65% higher success rate than the group treated with chemical medication.

      In addition, doctors observed a 35-45% higher chance of success for patients receiving IVF (in vitro fertilisation) while also being treated with acupuncture.

      Causes of female infertility in TCM

      Chinese medicine lists several causes that may contribute to fertility issues. These will be identified through a personalised diagnosis. Here are the main causes of infertility in women.

        • The accumulation of ‘Phlegm-Dampness’:
          Like Blood Stasis, the accumulation of ‘Phlegm’ can hinder fertilisation. This accumulation can also cause excess weight, abundant and viscous leucorrhoea, and even mucus in menstruation.
        • Kidney deficiency:
          The kidney belongs to the water element, which is also responsible for the reproductive organs. It is considered to be the body’s battery.

          Therefore, if the energy of the Kidney is low, the body will not allow pregnancy in order to avoid further energy loss. Or, if pregnancy does occur, it may be interrupted by a miscarriage. In the case of a weak Kidney, infrequent periods and a decrease in libido may be observed.

        fille verifiant son test de grossesse.
        • A deficiency of ‘Xue’ (Blood):

          Blood plays a role in the conception of the foetus. If there is a lack of Blood, pregnancy cannot occur. A deficiency of Blood results in a pale complexion, dizziness, lack of strength, weakness and general fatigue.

        • Blockage of Liver qi:

          The Liver’s function is to store and distribute Blood. When Liver qi is stagnant, it causes Blood stasis. This type of blockage is very common. It is caused in particular by anger, frustration, or stress. It is usually accompanied by premenstrual syndrome (breast pain, painful periods, light flow with dark blood, and sometimes blood clots).

        The cold womb

        • Cold accumulation in the uterus and blood stasis:

          A ‘cold uterus’ is very common. This means there is too much ‘cold in the abdomen and uterus’, which prevents fertilisation or implantation. The embryo needs warmth to implant itself.

        Un homme avec sa femme enceinte

        The majority of women who consult us for fertility issues have this syndrome. Cold weather also causes a slowdown that can create ‘blood stasis,’ preventing pregnancy.

        This stasis manifests itself in dark red periods, clots, and lower abdominal pain that worsens with palpation.

        • Blockage of the ‘Shen’ (spirit):

        In some cases, everything is working well and the conditions for procreation are in place, but the woman, even if she wants a child, suffers from unconscious fears. These fears may be related to work, family, financial situation, etc.

        In this case, the ‘Shen’ (spirit) is agitated, and the woman may unconsciously block fertilisation.

        A significant improvement in sperm quality

        Chinese medicine is equally effective in improving male fertility. It helps increase sperm production, improves sperm morphology and increases motility. Finally, it can resolve hormonal imbalances that can affect fertility. Here again, we focus on restoring overall energy balance, particularly in the kidneys, liver and spleen.

        A study was conducted by the College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine on sperm abnormalities. Patients were treated with acupuncture, and an improvement in sperm quantity and quality and sex hormones was observed in the following rates:

        • FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone): +33%
        • LH (luteinising hormone): +35.3%
        • Oestrogen: +57.1%
        • Testosterone: +65.1%

        Acupuncture, like Chinese herbs, increases blood flow in the pelvic cavity. This strengthens the kidneys and optimises the functioning of the sexual organs, while stimulating the body’s natural hormone production.

        The result is an increase in the quantity and quality of sperm.

        Of course, any fertility treatment must take into account environmental factors and the lifestyle of both partners.

        Stress caused by various factors, including difficulty conceiving, can only increase energy blockages. The couple can then become trapped in a vicious circle.

        gamète mâle et femelle

        Chinese medicine – acupuncture and herbal medicine – can also significantly improve stress management and help control disruptive emotions. This is an equally important factor in enabling couples to release pressure… and enter a state of serenity and openness conducive to procreation.

        Healthy lifestyle and fertility

        Beyond the energy imbalances mentioned above, certain environmental factors are harmful to fertility in both men and women. These include:

        • being overweight or underweight,
        • extreme working conditions such as prolonged exposure to heat or excessively long commutes,
        • stress,
        • lack of sleep,
        • the use of stimulants such as tobacco, alcohol, drugs, including excessive coffee consumption,
        • exposure to pesticides (endocrine disruptors),
        • exposure to other toxins (arsenic, lead, aluminium, mercury, parabens, Bisphenol A, etc.),
        • excessive exercise,
          prolonged exposure to mobile waves (Wi-Fi, 4G, Bluetooth, etc.).

        But above all, fertility requires both partners to take care of their well-being and agree to trust in nature. When they are in a good overall balance and their state of mind is calm and confident, then they are ready to welcome life… when the time is right. Because despite scientific progress, procreation remains a mystery and a blessing.